TETANUS is another infectious disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetanii which can be found in soil and droppings just about everywhere.

It survives in the environment for long periods of time and enters the body through wounds, particularly puncture wounds if the wound is dirty. Puncture wounds on the sole of the foot are common sites of infection.

Infection can also be acquired via the intestines, after eating contaminated soil or droppings. In foals, infection can occur via the umbilicus (navel).

The bacteria produce a potent neurotoxin that causes the classical signs of tetanus. Tetanus toxin attacks nerves controlling the muscles of the body. This causes progressively worsening muscular stiffness and spasm.

SYMPTOMS

  • The affected horse will become stiff and have difficulty moving and eating.
  • The third eyelid (a membrane which can be easily seen at the inner corner of the eye) starts to protrude across the eye, particularly if the horse is startled.
  • The tail is often held out straight and the horse develops an anxious expression because of facial muscle spasm.
  • Any stimulus such as loud sound, bright light or touch can exacerbate the signs.
  • The horse may sweat.
  • In advanced cases the horse will collapse with spasms, convulsions and death from respiratory failure.

    • If diagnosed early, treatment is aimed at destroying the bacteria so that no more toxin is produced and reducing the effects of the toxin that has already been produced.

    Large doses of antibiotics are used in conjunction with Tetanus Antitoxin.

    Unfortunately, the chances of recovery are extremely poor if such measures are necessary.

    PREVENTION

    Tetanus is an easily preventable disease. Multi-component vaccines are available so that owners can vaccinate horses for tetanus along with their horse’s flu vaccination.

    Good first aid can help prevent tetanus. Wounds should be cleaned as soon as they occur, treat all wounds as contaminated!

    Paddocks and stable yards should be kept safe, clean and clear of dangerous items such as old tractor parts, corrugated iron sheets and building materials that may cause injury.